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  • Product photography ads and ideas

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  • Film-Grab.com – a free online library of cinematography

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    https://film-grab.com/

     

     

    Views : 803
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  • ShotDeck Shot Talk – ALIEN: ROMULUS – Dir. Fede Álvarez & DP Galo Olivares

    pIXELsHAM.com
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  • StudioBinder.com – What is a Cinematographer And How to Become One

    pIXELsHAM.com

    https://www.studiobinder.com/blog/what-is-a-cinematographer-definition

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  • How are Energy and Matter the Same?

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    www.turnerpublishing.com/blog/detail/everything-is-energy-everything-is-one-everything-is-possible/

    www.universetoday.com/116615/how-are-energy-and-matter-the-same/

    As Einstein showed us, light and matter and just aspects of the same thing. Matter is just frozen light. And light is matter on the move. Albert Einstein’s most famous equation says that energy and matter are two sides of the same coin. How does one become the other?

    Relativity requires that the faster an object moves, the more mass it appears to have. This means that somehow part of the energy of the car’s motion appears to transform into mass. Hence the origin of Einstein’s equation. How does that happen? We don’t really know. We only know that it does.

    Matter is 99.999999999999 percent empty space. Not only do the atom and solid matter consist mainly of empty space, it is the same in outer space

    The quantum theory researchers discovered the answer: Not only do particles consist of energy, but so does the space between. This is the so-called zero-point energy. Therefore it is true: Everything consists of energy.

    Energy is the basis of material reality. Every type of particle is conceived of as a quantum vibration in a field: Electrons are vibrations in electron fields, protons vibrate in a proton field, and so on. Everything is energy, and everything is connected to everything else through fields.

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  • HDRI Median Cut plugin

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    www.hdrlabs.com/picturenaut/plugins.html

     

     

    Note. The Median Cut algorithm is typically used for color quantization, which involves reducing the number of colors in an image while preserving its visual quality. It doesn’t directly provide a way to identify the brightest areas in an image. However, if you’re interested in identifying the brightest areas, you might want to look into other methods like thresholding, histogram analysis, or edge detection, through openCV for example.

     

    Here is an openCV example:

     

    # bottom left coordinates = 0,0
import numpy as np
import cv2

# Load the HDR or EXR image
image = cv2.imread('your_image_path.exr', cv2.IMREAD_UNCHANGED)  # Load as-is without modification

# Calculate the luminance from the HDR channels (assuming RGB format)
luminance = np.dot(image[..., :3], [0.299, 0.587, 0.114])

# Set a threshold value based on estimated EV
threshold_value = 2.4  # Estimated threshold value based on 4.8 EV

# Apply the threshold to identify bright areas
# The luminance array contains the calculated luminance values for each pixel in the image. # The threshold_value is a user-defined value that represents a cutoff point, separating "bright" and "dark" areas in terms of perceived luminance.
    thresholded = (luminance > threshold_value) * 255 

# Convert the thresholded image to uint8 for contour detection 
thresholded = thresholded.astype(np.uint8) 

# Find contours of the bright areas 
contours, _ = cv2.findContours(thresholded, cv2.RETR_EXTERNAL, cv2.CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE) 

# Create a list to store the bounding boxes of bright areas 
bright_areas = [] 

# Iterate through contours and extract bounding boxes for contour in contours: 
x, y, w, h = cv2.boundingRect(contour) 

# Adjust y-coordinate based on bottom-left origin 
y_bottom_left_origin = image.shape[0] - (y + h) bright_areas.append((x, y_bottom_left_origin, x + w, y_bottom_left_origin + h)) 

# Store as (x1, y1, x2, y2) 
# Print the identified bright areas 
print("Bright Areas (x1, y1, x2, y2):") for area in bright_areas: print(area)

     

    More details

     

    Luminance and Exposure in an EXR Image:

    • An EXR (Extended Dynamic Range) image format is often used to store high dynamic range (HDR) images that contain a wide range of luminance values, capturing both dark and bright areas.
    • Luminance refers to the perceived brightness of a pixel in an image. In an RGB image, luminance is often calculated using a weighted sum of the red, green, and blue channels, where different weights are assigned to each channel to account for human perception.
    • In an EXR image, the pixel values can represent radiometrically accurate scene values, including actual radiance or irradiance levels. These values are directly related to the amount of light emitted or reflected by objects in the scene.

     

    The luminance line is calculating the luminance of each pixel in the image using a weighted sum of the red, green, and blue channels. The three float values [0.299, 0.587, 0.114] are the weights used to perform this calculation.

     

    These weights are based on the concept of luminosity, which aims to approximate the perceived brightness of a color by taking into account the human eye’s sensitivity to different colors. The values are often derived from the NTSC (National Television System Committee) standard, which is used in various color image processing operations.

     

    Here’s the breakdown of the float values:

    • 0.299: Weight for the red channel.
    • 0.587: Weight for the green channel.
    • 0.114: Weight for the blue channel.

     

    The weighted sum of these channels helps create a grayscale image where the pixel values represent the perceived brightness. This technique is often used when converting a color image to grayscale or when calculating luminance for certain operations, as it takes into account the human eye’s sensitivity to different colors.

     

    For the threshold, remember that the exact relationship between EV values and pixel values can depend on the tone-mapping or normalization applied to the HDR image, as well as the dynamic range of the image itself.

     

    To establish a relationship between exposure and the threshold value, you can consider the relationship between linear and logarithmic scales:

    1. Linear and Logarithmic Scales:
      • Exposure values in an EXR image are often represented in logarithmic scales, such as EV (exposure value). Each increment in EV represents a doubling or halving of the amount of light captured.
      • Threshold values for luminance thresholding are usually linear, representing an actual luminance level.
    2. Conversion Between Scales:

      • To establish a mathematical relationship, you need to convert between the logarithmic exposure scale and the linear threshold scale.

      • One common method is to use a power function. For instance, you can use a power function to convert EV to a linear intensity value.



       

      threshold_value = base_value * (2 ** EV)



      Here, EV is the exposure value, base_value is a scaling factor that determines the relationship between EV and threshold_value, and 2 ** EV is used to convert the logarithmic EV to a linear intensity value.


    3. Choosing the Base Value:
      • The base_value factor should be determined based on the dynamic range of your EXR image and the specific luminance values you are dealing with.
      • You may need to experiment with different values of base_value to achieve the desired separation of bright areas from the rest of the image.

     

    Let’s say you have an EXR image with a dynamic range of 12 EV, which is a common range for many high dynamic range images. In this case, you want to set a threshold value that corresponds to a certain number of EV above the middle gray level (which is often considered to be around 0.18).

    Here’s an example of how you might determine a base_value to achieve this:

     

    # Define the dynamic range of the image in EV
dynamic_range = 12

# Choose the desired number of EV above middle gray for thresholding
desired_ev_above_middle_gray = 2

# Calculate the threshold value based on the desired EV above middle gray
threshold_value = 0.18 * (2 ** (desired_ev_above_middle_gray / dynamic_range))

print("Threshold Value:", threshold_value)
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  • Examples Of Creative Lighting Techniques In Food and product Photography

    pIXELsHAM.com

    http://digitalsynopsis.com/design/photography-creative-lighting-techniques/

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  • What is physically correct lighting all about?

    pIXELsHAM.com

    http://gamedev.stackexchange.com/questions/60638/what-is-physically-correct-lighting-all-about

     

    2012-08 Nathan Reed wrote:

    Physically-based shading means leaving behind phenomenological models, like the Phong shading model, which are simply built to “look good” subjectively without being based on physics in any real way, and moving to lighting and shading models that are derived from the laws of physics and/or from actual measurements of the real world, and rigorously obey physical constraints such as energy conservation.

     

    For example, in many older rendering systems, shading models included separate controls for specular highlights from point lights and reflection of the environment via a cubemap. You could create a shader with the specular and the reflection set to wildly different values, even though those are both instances of the same physical process. In addition, you could set the specular to any arbitrary brightness, even if it would cause the surface to reflect more energy than it actually received.

     

    In a physically-based system, both the point light specular and the environment reflection would be controlled by the same parameter, and the system would be set up to automatically adjust the brightness of both the specular and diffuse components to maintain overall energy conservation. Moreover you would want to set the specular brightness to a realistic value for the material you’re trying to simulate, based on measurements.

     

    Physically-based lighting or shading includes physically-based BRDFs, which are usually based on microfacet theory, and physically correct light transport, which is based on the rendering equation (although heavily approximated in the case of real-time games).

     

    It also includes the necessary changes in the art process to make use of these features. Switching to a physically-based system can cause some upsets for artists. First of all it requires full HDR lighting with a realistic level of brightness for light sources, the sky, etc. and this can take some getting used to for the lighting artists. It also requires texture/material artists to do some things differently (particularly for specular), and they can be frustrated by the apparent loss of control (e.g. locking together the specular highlight and environment reflection as mentioned above; artists will complain about this). They will need some time and guidance to adapt to the physically-based system.

     

    On the plus side, once artists have adapted and gained trust in the physically-based system, they usually end up liking it better, because there are fewer parameters overall (less work for them to tweak). Also, materials created in one lighting environment generally look fine in other lighting environments too. This is unlike more ad-hoc models, where a set of material parameters might look good during daytime, but it comes out ridiculously glowy at night, or something like that.

     

    Here are some resources to look at for physically-based lighting in games:

     

    SIGGRAPH 2013 Physically Based Shading Course, particularly the background talk by Naty Hoffman at the beginning. You can also check out the previous incarnations of this course for more resources.

     

    Sébastien Lagarde, Adopting a physically-based shading model and Feeding a physically-based shading model

     

    And of course, I would be remiss if I didn’t mention Physically-Based Rendering by Pharr and Humphreys, an amazing reference on this whole subject and well worth your time, although it focuses on offline rather than real-time rendering.

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  • What’s the Difference Between Ray Casting, Ray Tracing, Path Tracing and Rasterization? Physical light tracing…

    pIXELsHAM.com

    RASTERIZATION
    Rasterisation (or rasterization)     is the task of taking the information described in a vector graphics format OR the vertices of triangles making 3D shapes and converting them into a raster image (a series of pixels, dots or lines, which, when displayed together, create the image which was represented via shapes), or in other words “rasterizing” vectors or 3D models onto a 2D plane for display on a computer screen.

    For each triangle of a 3D shape, you project the corners of the triangle on the virtual screen with some math (projective geometry). Then you have the position of the 3 corners of the triangle on the pixel screen. Those 3 points have texture coordinates, so you know where in the texture are the 3 corners. The cost is proportional to the number of triangles, and is only a little bit affected by the screen resolution.

    In computer graphics, a raster graphics or bitmap image is a dot matrix data structure that represents a generally rectangular grid of pixels (points of color), viewable via a monitor, paper, or other display medium.

    With rasterization, objects on the screen are created from a mesh of virtual triangles, or polygons, that create 3D models of objects. A lot of information is associated with each vertex, including its position in space, as well as information about color, texture and its “normal,” which is used to determine the way the surface of an object is facing.

    Computers then convert the triangles of the 3D models into pixels, or dots, on a 2D screen. Each pixel can be assigned an initial color value from the data stored in the triangle vertices.

    Further pixel processing or “shading,” including changing pixel color based on how lights in the scene hit the pixel, and applying one or more textures to the pixel, combine to generate the final color applied to a pixel.

     

    The main advantage of rasterization is its speed. However, rasterization is simply the process of computing the mapping from scene geometry to pixels and does not prescribe a particular way to compute the color of those pixels. So it cannot take shading, especially the physical light, into account and it cannot promise to get a photorealistic output. That’s a big limitation of rasterization.

    There are also multiple problems:


    • If you have two triangles one is behind the other, you will draw twice all the pixels. you only keep the pixel from the triangle that is closer to you (Z-buffer), but you still do the work twice.



    • The borders of your triangles are jagged as it is hard to know if a pixel is in the triangle or out. You can do some smoothing on those, that is anti-aliasing.



    • You have to handle every triangles (including the ones behind you) and then see that they do not touch the screen at all. (we have techniques to mitigate this where we only look at triangles that are in the field of view)



    • Transparency is hard to handle (you can’t just do an average of the color of overlapping transparent triangles, you have to do it in the right order)


     

     

     

    RAY CASTING
    It is almost the exact reverse of rasterization: you start from the virtual screen instead of the vector or 3D shapes, and you project a ray, starting from each pixel of the screen, until it intersect with a triangle.

    The cost is directly correlated to the number of pixels in the screen and you need a really cheap way of finding the first triangle that intersect a ray. In the end, it is more expensive than rasterization but it will, by design, ignore the triangles that are out of the field of view.

    You can use it to continue after the first triangle it hit, to take a little bit of the color of the next one, etc… This is useful to handle the border of the triangle cleanly (less jagged) and to handle transparency correctly.

     

    RAYTRACING


    Same idea as ray casting except once you hit a triangle you reflect on it and go into a different direction. The number of reflection you allow is the “depth” of your ray tracing. The color of the pixel can be calculated, based off the light source and all the polygons it had to reflect off of to get to that screen pixel.

    The easiest way to think of ray tracing is to look around you, right now. The objects you’re seeing are illuminated by beams of light. Now turn that around and follow the path of those beams backwards from your eye to the objects that light interacts with. That’s ray tracing.

    Ray tracing is eye-oriented process that needs walking through each pixel looking for what object should be shown there, which is also can be described as a technique that follows a beam of light (in pixels) from a set point and simulates how it reacts when it encounters objects.

    Compared with rasterization, ray tracing is hard to be implemented in real time, since even one ray can be traced and processed without much trouble, but after one ray bounces off an object, it can turn into 10 rays, and those 10 can turn into 100, 1000…The increase is exponential, and the the calculation for all these rays will be time consuming.

    Historically, computer hardware hasn’t been fast enough to use these techniques in real time, such as in video games. Moviemakers can take as long as they like to render a single frame, so they do it offline in render farms. Video games have only a fraction of a second. As a result, most real-time graphics rely on the another technique called rasterization.

     

     

    PATH TRACING
    Path tracing can be used to solve more complex lighting situations.
    Path tracing is a type of ray tracing. When using path tracing for rendering, the rays only produce a single ray per bounce. The rays do not follow a defined line per bounce (to a light, for example), but rather shoot off in a random direction. The path tracing algorithm then takes a random sampling of all of the rays to create the final image. This results in sampling a variety of different types of lighting.

    When a ray hits a surface it doesn’t trace a path to every light source, instead it bounces the ray off the surface and keeps bouncing it until it hits a light source or exhausts some bounce limit.
    It then calculates the amount of light transferred all the way to the pixel, including any color information gathered from surfaces along the way.
    It then averages out the values calculated from all the paths that were traced into the scene to get the final pixel color value.

    It requires a ton of computing power and if you don’t send out enough rays per pixel or don’t trace the paths far enough into the scene then you end up with a very spotty image as many pixels fail to find any light sources from their rays. So when you increase the the samples per pixel, you can see the image quality becomes better and better.

    Ray tracing tends to be more efficient than path tracing. Basically, the render time of a ray tracer depends on the number of polygons in the scene. The more polygons you have, the longer it will take.
    Meanwhile, the rendering time of a path tracer can be indifferent to the number of polygons, but it is related to light situation: If you add a light, transparency, translucence, or other shader effects, the path tracer will slow down considerably.

     
     

     

    Sources:
    https://medium.com/@junyingw/future-of-gaming-rasterization-vs-ray-tracing-vs-path-tracing-32b334510f1f

     

    ELI5: What's the difference among Rasterization, Ray Casting and Ray Tracing ?
    byu/pixie_laluna inexplainlikeimfive

     

    blogs.nvidia.com/blog/2018/03/19/whats-difference-between-ray-tracing-rasterization/

     

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasterisation

     

    Path Tracing vs Ray Tracing

     

    https://www.quora.com/Whats-the-difference-between-ray-tracing-and-path-tracing

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  • How Steven Spielberg Cinematographer Janusz Kaminski Got These Eleven Shots‏ – composition

    pIXELsHAM.com

    http://www.vulture.com/2012/11/how-steven-spielberg-cinematographer-janusz-kaminski-got-these-shots.html

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  • Best LED Film Lighting UNDER $100

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  • Text2Light: Zero-Shot Text-Driven HDR Panorama Generation

    pIXELsHAM.com

     

    https://frozenburning.github.io/projects/text2light/

     

     

    https://www.cgtrader.com/free-3d-models/exterior/other/10-free-hdr-panoramas-created-with-text2light-zero-shot

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  • Practical Aspects of Spectral Data and LEDs in Digital Content Production and Virtual Production – SIGGRAPH 2022

    pIXELsHAM.com

     

    Comparison to the commercial side

     

    https://www.ecolorled.com/blog/detail/what-is-rgb-rgbw-rgbic-strip-lights

     

    RGBW (RGB + White) LED strip uses a 4-in-1 LED chip made up of red, green, blue, and white.

     

    RGBWW (RGB + White + Warm White) LED strip uses either a 5-in-1 LED chip with red, green, blue, white, and warm white for color mixing. The only difference between RGBW and RGBWW is the intensity of the white color. The term RGBCCT consists of RGB and CCT. CCT (Correlated Color Temperature) means that the color temperature of the led strip light can be adjusted to change between warm white and white. Thus, RGBWW strip light is another name of RGBCCT strip.

     

    RGBCW is the acronym for Red, Green, Blue, Cold, and Warm. These 5-in-1 chips are used in supper bright smart LED lighting products

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  • Light-A-Video – Training-free Video Relighting via Progressive Light Fusion

    pIXELsHAM.com

    https://github.com/bcmi/Light-A-Video

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  • Crytek3 Lighting Walkthrough

    pIXELsHAM.com
    Views : 1,149
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