http://www.amaanakram.com/lightingT/part1.htm

The goals of lighting in 3D computer graphics are more or less the same as those of real world lighting.

Lighting serves a basic function of bringing out, or pushing back the shapes of objects visible from the camera’s view.
It gives a two-dimensional image on the monitor an illusion of the third dimension-depth.

But it does not just stop there. It gives an image its personality, its character. A scene lit in different ways can give a feeling of happiness, of sorrow, of fear etc., and it can do so in dramatic or subtle ways. Along with personality and character, lighting fills a scene with emotion that is directly transmitted to the viewer.

Trying to simulate a real environment in an artificial one can be a daunting task. But even if you make your 3D rendering look absolutely photo-realistic, it doesn’t guarantee that the image carries enough emotion to elicit a “wow” from the people viewing it.

Making 3D renderings photo-realistic can be hard. Putting deep emotions in them can be even harder. However, if you plan out your lighting strategy for the mood and emotion that you want your rendering to express, you make the process easier for yourself.

Each light source can be broken down in to 4 distinct components and analyzed accordingly.

· Intensity
· Direction
· Color
· Size

The overall thrust of this writing is to produce photo-realistic images by applying good lighting techniques.

https://colour-science.github.io/colour-science-precis/